Guide to the Papers of Papers of Isaac Nachman Steinberg (1888-1957) 1893-1968 (bulk 1919-1956) RG 366

Processed by David M. Wolfson. Additional processing by Rachel S. Harrison as part of the Leon Levy Archival Processing Initiative, made possible by the Leon Levy Foundation.

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research
15 West 16th Street
New York, NY 10011
Email: archives@yivo.cjh.org
URL: http://www.yivo.org

Electronic finding aid was encoded in EAD 2002 by Rachel S. Harrison in November 2012. EAD finding aid customized in ARCHON in 2013. Description is in English.

Collection Overview

Title: Guide to the Papers of Papers of Isaac Nachman Steinberg (1888-1957) 1893-1968 (bulk 1919-1956) RG 366

Predominant Dates:(bulk 1919-1956)

ID: RG 366 FA

Extent: 26.58 Linear Feet

Arrangement:

David Wolfson arranged the collection and created an index, which he divided into seven sections representing more of an intellectual arrangement rather than a physical arrangement. These sections were: I: correspondence with individuals; II: correspondence with organizations, institutions, libraries, and publishers; III: subject materials, manuscripts not by Steinberg and photographs and clippings; IV: Steinberg’s personal materials, including manuscripts and articles by Steinberg; V: materials filed by geographical locations which were considered for Jewish settlements; VI: correspondence of the Freeland League; and VII: miscellaneous materials of the Freeland League. Materials in the index are often cross-listed by organization, by individual, by subject, and by location. Many of the individual correspondents and organizations can be found in multiple series. The index lists the language of the materials as Y for Yiddish, E for English, R for Russian, G for German, F for French, S for Spanish, H for Hebrew, Rom for Romanian, and D for Dutch, although there are also other languages in the collection. Much of the collection is arranged alphabetically, although the newspaper clippings and family correspondence are arranged chronologically and some of the manuscripts by Steinberg are arranged by language.

David Wolfson also physically divided the collection by material type or subject and wrote a summary for the folder contents. This summary generally corresponds to the series organization. The collection is divided into 17 series, some of which have been further divided into subseries.

Languages: Yiddish, Russian, Polish, German, English, French, Hebrew, Spanish, Dutch;Flemish, Romanian, Italian, Serbian, Croatian, Czech, Norwegian, Swedish

Abstract

This collection contains the personal and professional papers of Isaac Nachman Steinberg, a Russian-Jewish political writer, leader of the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party during the 1917 revolution in Russia, People’s Commissar of Justice in the first Bolshevik government, leader of the Jewish Territorialist Movement and of the Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization, and a founding member of the YIVO Institute in Vilna. These materials include Steinberg’s writings, personal correspondence, clippings, journals, meeting announcements, and some photographs. These materials relate mainly to Steinberg’s work with the Freeland League and plans for the large-scale settlement of Jews in various places around the world.

Scope and Contents of the Materials

A large proportion of the collection consists of records of the Freeland League, including its London and New York offices and the Refugee Freeland League in Austria, and relates to the League’s colonization projects. There are also some materials relating to the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party and the Russian Revolution of 1917, private and family correspondence and Steinberg’s personal, political and literary papers, including his travels to Australia and South Africa on behalf of colonization efforts. Materials include correspondence with individuals, organizations and publications, minutes of meetings, clippings, diaries, event and lecture notices, reports, photographs, manuscripts by Steinberg and by others, research materials for Steinberg’s writings, materials pertaining to efforts to establish Jewish settlements in Australia, including the Kimberley Project and the Queensland, Tasmania and Melville Island plans, materials on geographical locations which were considered for colonization, including Surinam and various areas in Africa and South America, and materials relating to the publications Oifn Shvel and Freiland . Some important correspondents include Sir Norman Angell, Angelica Balabanoff, Ben-Adir, Ernest Bevin, Nathan Birnbaum, Winston Churchill, Josef Czernichow, Anthony de Rothschild, Edmond de Rothschild, Albert Einstein, Emma Goldman, Jacob Gordin, Zelig Kalmanovitch, Karl Kautsky, Fiorello La Guardia, Harold Lasky, H. Leivick, Itzik Manger, Thomas Mann, Shmuel Niger, Joseph Proskauer, Eleanor Roosevelt, E. Savinkov, Baruch Charney Vladeck, Colonel Josiah Wedgewood, and Stefan Zweig.

There is also correspondence and other materials with Territorialist and colonization organizations and various publications from all over the world, among them the American Jewish Committee, American Jewish Conference, American Jewish Congress, American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Der Tog , Freie Arbeiter Stimme , Freiland , International Jewish Colonization Society (Jew-Col), Jewish Territorial Organization, League for Jewish Colonization, Novoye Russkoye Slovo , Oifn Shvel , President's Commission on Immigration and Naturalization, Relief Society for Socialist Prisoners and Exiles in Soviet Russia, United Nations, Workmen’s Circle, Yiddish P.E.N. Club, Yiddish Writers Union, Yugntruf, and Die Zukunft , among many others.

This collection would be particularly helpful for those interested in the history of Terrotorialism, Jewish colonization efforts, especially in Australia, South Africa and Surinam, early Soviet political history and the Russian Revolution of 1917, the Socialist Revolutionary Party, and Jewish social, political and cultural history.

Historical Note

Biographical Note Isaac Nachman Steinberg was born into an educated, religious, and wealthy merchant family on July 13, 1888 in Dvinsk (Daugavpils, Latvia), then part of the Russian Empire, son of Zerakh Steinberg and his wife Chiana, née Eliashev, the older sister of Isidor Eliashev (Baal-Makhshoves). Steinberg and his younger brother, Aaron (1891-1975), a Russian and Yiddish writer and essayist, were raised in a traditionally religious family and were given a strong Jewish education. Steinberg remained religiously observant his entire life, even during his time as a revolutionary politician.

The family moved to Pernov (Pyarnu), Estonia in 1904, where Steinberg attended the gymnasium, graduating in 1906. He also continued his religious education with private tutors. The family once again moved, this time to Moscow in 1907, where Steinberg entered the Imperial Moscow University. There he studied law and joined the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SR). Steinberg was arrested in 1907 for his revolutionary activities, and was only released on the condition that he leave Russia. He moved to Germany, where he continued his legal studies at the University of Heidelberg, and also studied Talmud under a private tutor, Zalmen Borukh Rabinkov, in a small circle that included Erich Fromm, Nahum Goldmann, and Ernst Simon. After completing his period of exile and defending his doctoral thesis on Talmudic criminal law, Steinberg returned to Moscow in 1910. He began his practice of law, defending Jewish victims of the tsarist regime, and won endorsement for the Duma, the Russian parliament. In 1914 he married Nechama Esselson and became an active member of the Moscow Jewish community, being considered as a future rabbi of Moscow.

During World War I, Steinberg participated in activities of the Jewish Committee for Aiding Victims of War (EKOPO). He also resumed his activities within the SR Party starting in 1916 and quickly rose through its political ranks. After the split of the SR Party in August 1917, he became one of the leaders of its independent left wing, the Left Socialist Revolutionary Party (LSR). Vladimir Lenin invited the LSR to join his government and, from December 1917 to February 1918, Steinberg served as the People’s Commissar (Narkom) for Justice of Soviet Russia, although his position was largely decorative. Steinberg succeeded in saving the lives of a number of political prisoners but his most fateful political action was his legal approval, as Commissar of Justice, of the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly in January 1918 by the Bolsheviks. After the breakdown of the Bolshevik-LSR coalition over the issue of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in February 1918, Steinberg resigned his post in protest and traveled to Europe to mobilize support for the LSR, probably saving himself from arrest after the failed anti-Bolshevik coup of July 1918. Upon his return, he served as a mediator between the LSR opposition and the Bolshevik leadership.

In 1923, having been warned that he was in danger of assassination, he moved with his family to Berlin where he acted as foreign representative of the LSR in Russia and continued to edit the Socialist Revolutionary Party organ, as he had done in Moscow. He also began his career in literature and journalism, with his first Yiddish publication appearing in 1925. In addition, he contributed to several German Socialist publications. From 1926 to 1937 he edited the Vilna journal Fraye Shriftn—Farn Yidishn Sotsialistishn Gedank (Free Papers—For Jewish Socialist Thought), which covered a wide range of political and cultural issues, Tsukunft (Future), and many other periodicals in New York, Buenos Aires, Warsaw, Vilna, Kovno, and many other places. He was also affiliated with YIVO from its founding in 1925 and was a member of its Board of Directors.

After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Steinberg, his wife and their three children settled in London where Steinberg became active in the newly resurrected Territorialist Movement. In 1935 Steinberg and Ben-Adir (Abraham Rosin) founded the Freeland League for Jewish Territorial Colonization, which was the successor to Israel Zangwill’s Jewish Territorial Organization (ITO), which had disbanded in 1925. The Territorialist Movement aimed to find a location where Jews could govern themselves, although the goal of self-government was quickly subordinated to the urgent task of finding a territory in which to settle endangered Jews from Europe and in planning a future life in this territory. Ideas included Madagascar, New Caledonia, New Hebrides (Vanuatu), British Guiana, Dutch Guiana (Surinam), French Guiana, Alaska, Albania, Angola, Birobidjian, Brazil, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Chile, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Peru, Rhodesia, South Africa, Mexico, Argentina, Ethiopia, Haiti, New Zealand, Swaziland, Tanganyika (Tanzania), and Uruguay, among others.

Steinberg was opposed to Zionism on moral and political grounds and did not support the idea of the Jewish nation-state. He was highly critical of Zionist movement politics, believing that the salvation of the Jewish people lay in autonomous Yiddish-speaking agricultural settlements under the political patronage of colonial empires. For this purpose, he visited South Africa (1935–1936) and Australia (1939–1943) and supported efforts for Jewish settlement in dozens of other possible locations.

The Freeland League selected the Kimberley region in the north of Western Australia and planned to buy an area of 7 million acres of agricultural land, where it hoped to settle 75,000 Jewish refugees from Europe to develop the pastoral and agricultural industries. On May 23, 1939 Steinberg arrived in Perth. He appealed to people both on humanitarian grounds and by citing the British government’s officially-declared need to populate northern Australia. By early 1940 Steinberg had gained the support of the Western Australian government, the Australasian Council of Trade Unions, a number of leading public figures, and major newspapers such as the Sydney Morning Herald , the Melbourne Argus and the West Australian . He had also encountered opposition from the Bulletin , Smith's Weekly , some daily newspapers, and several British and Australian politicians and public figures, whose arguments ranged from the practical to the xenophobic. For their part, many Australian Jews criticized the proposed settlement, some fearing that it would provoke a wave of anti-Semitism in Australia, others seeing it as a threat to the Zionist cause.

Steinberg left Australia in June 1943 to join his family in Canada. On July 15, 1944 he was informed by Australian Prime Minister John Curtin that the Australian government would not “depart from the long-established policy in regard to alien settlement in Australia” and could not “entertain the proposal for a group settlement of the exclusive type contemplated by the Freeland League”. Steinberg, however, continued to wage a paper battle for the scheme. He approached successive prime ministers in 1945 and 1946, and published Australia—The Unpromised Land in London in 1948, all to no avail.

In 1943, he settled in the United States, where he became involved in Yiddishist activities. From 1943 to 1956 was the editor of the Freeland League’s official organ Oifn Shvel (On the Threshold), taking over after Ben-Adir’s death in 1942. He also continued to work for the Territorialist cause, despite setbacks. In 1946, the Freeland League started negotiations with the Surinamese and Netherlands governments about the possible resettlement in the Saramacca district of Surinam of 30,000 Jewish displaced persons from Europe. In August 1948, the Surinamese parliament decided “to suspend the discussions until the complete clarification of the international situation”, however the negotiations were never resumed. After the establishment of the State of Israel, Steinberg expressed concern at the idea of an exclusively Jewish nation, instead supporting the idea of creating a bi-national Jewish-Arab federation in Israel/Palestine. At the same time he continued his efforts to establish a compact self-ruled Jewish settlement somewhere outside the Middle East.

Steinberg wrote hundreds of articles on literary, legal and political subjects and more than a dozen books in Russian, German, Yiddish, Hebrew, and English. These include an award-winning play about the Russian Revolution, Du Hast Gesiegt Mochnatschow! (You have Triumphed Mochnatschow), contributions to legal and general periodicals, a series of books on the Russian Revolution such as Memoirs of a People’s Commissar , a comprehensive work on the Russian revolutionary Maria Spiridonowa (1935), articles and books on socialism, Der Moralisher Ponim fun der Revolutsiye (The Moral Aspect of the Revolution, Russian, 1923; Yiddish, 1925); Gewalt und Terror in der Revolution (Violence and Terror in the Revolution, German, 1931), In the Workshop of the Revolution (English, 1953), Als Ich Volkskommissar (Memoirs of a People’s Commissar; German, 1929; English and Yiddish, 1931), and a work on the Territorialist movement, Australia - The Unpromised Land (English, 1948).

Isaac Nachman Steinberg died suddenly on January 2, 1957 in New York. He was survived by his son, the art historian Leo Steinberg, and a daughter, Shulamit Charney, the wife of Shmuel Niger’s son, Dr. William Charney. His wife and a daughter, Ada Siegel, had predeceased him.

Subject/Index Terms

Administrative Information

Access Restrictions: Permission to use the collection must be obtained from the YIVO Archivist.

Use Restrictions:

Permission to publish part or parts of the collection must be obtained from the YIVO Archives. For more information, contact:

YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, Center for Jewish History, 15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011

email: archives@yivo.cjh.org

Acquisition Method: Given by the family of I.N. Steinberg in March 1957. Additional materials donated by the offices of Oifn Shvel in 1985.

Separated Materials: There is no information about materials that are associated by provenance to the described materials that have been physically separated or removed.

Original/Copies Note: There is an index created by David Wolfson in the reading room, which reflects an intellectual arrangement in seven sections.

Related Materials: The YIVO Library and Archives have materials about Territorialism, the Freeland League and Jewish colonization efforts. There are also many books by and about Steinberg, including the Dr. Isaac Nachman Steinberg Bibliography ; 30 Yor Sotsyalistishe Ideen in Rusland ; Australia, the Unpromised Land ; Fun Februar biz Oktober 1917 ; Gelebt un Geholemt in Oystralye ; Gewalt und Terror in der Revolution ; In Kamf far Mentsh un Yid ; In Shturem fun der Tsayt ; In the Workshop of the Revolution ; A Land far Yidn in Oystralie ; Der Maksimalizm in der Yidisher Velt ; Maria Spiridonowa ; Mit Eyn Fus in Amerike ; And I Burned with Shame: The Testimony of Ona Šimaitė, Righteous Among the Nations A Letter to Isaac Nachman Steinberg ; and many others, as well as a film reel of a Freeland League trip to Surinam. Steinberg’s correspondence can be found in the Papers of Ben-Adir RG 394, the Papers of Shmuel Niger RG 360, Papers of David Ignatoff RG 1338, and the Papers of Chaim Zhitlowsky RG 208, among many others.

Preferred Citation: Published citations should take the following form:Identification of item, date (if known); Papers of Isaac Nachman Steinberg; RG 366; folder number; YIVO Institute for Jewish Research.

Finding Aid Revision History: Originally processed by David M. Wolfson in 1975. Additional processing was completed in 2012.

Box and Folder Listing

Browse by Series:

Series 1: Series I: Correspondence with Organizations, 1923-1966,
Series 2: Series II: Freeland League, New York Office, 1941-1952,
Series 3: Series III: Correspondence with Individuals, 1918-1965,
Series 4: Series IV: Freeland League, London Office, 1937-1943,
Series 5: Series V: Freeland League, Miscellaneous Materials, 1938-1968,
Series 6: Series VI: Refugee Freeland League in Austria, 1945-1951,
Series 7: Series VII: Steinberg’s Visit to London, 1946,
Series 8: Series VIII: Geographical Files, 1930-1964,
Series 9: Series IX: Freeland League, Australia Plans, 1901-1906, 1919-1956,
Series 10: Series X: Steinberg’s Visit to South Africa, 1935-1937,
Series 11: Series XI: Newspaper Clippings, 1924-1957,
Series 12: Series XII: Steinberg’s Personal Papers, 1920-1965,
Series 13: Series XIII: Family Correspondence, 1908-1956,
Series 14: Series XIV: Writings by Others, 1914, 1930-1964, undated,
Series 15: Series XV: Writings by Steinberg, 1924-1959, undated,
Series 16: Series XVI: Russia and the Russian Revolution, 1906-1955,
Series 17: Series XVII: Miscellaneous Materials, 1893-1956,
All

Series III: Correspondence with Individuals 1918-1965

This series is made up of correspondence and related materials with individuals, including many prominent American, British and Australian government figures, people involved with Socialist and revolutionary politics, Yiddish and English writers, and actors and other cultural figures. Some of these include Hirsz Abramowicz, Kreine Alexander, Norman Angell, Angelica Balabanoff, Ben-Adir, Ernest Bevin, Nathan Birnbaum, Martin Buber, Marc Chagall, Daniel Charney, Albert Einstein, Emma Goldman, Jacob Gordin, Sidney Hook, Zelig Kalmanovitch, Karl Kautsky, Fiorello La Guardia, Harold Lasky, H. Leivick, Itzik Manger, Thomas Mann, Shmuel Niger, Joseph Proskauer, Melech Ravitch, Eleanor Roosevelt, E. Savinkov, Mordkhe Schaechter, Anna (Ona) Simaite, Baruch Charney Vladeck, Colonel Josiah Wedgewood, Stefan Zweig, and many more.

Folders: 220

Folder 168: Aarons to Abramowicz 1944-1956: Aarons, Jerachmiel; Abbe, David; Abied, Isaiah; Abramowicz, Hirsz
Folder 169: Abramowicz, Hirsz 1945-1954
Folder 170: Abrams to Adler 1932-1954: Abrams, Jacob; Abramson, H.A.; Abramson, S.; Adler, Max
Folder 171: Ainstein, Asher 1954-1956
Folder 172: Ajzen, Abram 1946-1948
Folder 173: Alexander, Kreine 1945-1954: to Esther Esselson, 1945-1948; to Mrs. Steinberg, 1949-1954
Folder 174: Alexander, Kreine 1940-1956: to I.N. Steinberg
Folder 175: Allen to Amidov 1937-1955: Allen, Isaac; Alter, L.; Altschul, Frank; Amidov, S.
Folder 176: Angell, Norman 1944-1950
Folder 177: Angoff to Aronson 1943-1956: Angoff, Charles; Anigstein, Ludwik; Ansell, Theodore; Armitage, Ramsay; Armon, Ezekiel; Aronson, Gregory
Folder 178: Ascoli, Marion (Mrs. Max) 1946-1947
Folder 179: Asmussen to Azar 1938-1964: Asmussen, P.; Astour, M.; Atlee, Clement; Azar, Max
Folder 180: Babinsky, J. 1937-1943
Folder 181: Baehr to Bailey 1944-1945: Baehr, George; Baer, Arthur; Bailey, Alice A.
Folder 182: Balabanoff (Balabanova), Angelica 1925-1944
Folder 183: Ball to Baron 1944-1956: Ball, Max; Bank, Israel; Baratz, A.; Barbanel, S.; Barkoff, Harry; Barnard, H.C.; Barnett, Belle J.; Baron, Mrs. S.
Folder 184: Baruch, Bernard M. 1945-1947
Folder 185: Bayan to Benimtzky 1937-1955: Bayan; Becker, K.; Beeley, Harold; Beham, M.; Beham, Y.; Ben-Adir (A. Rosin); Ben-Nehemiah (M. Goldstein); Benenson, Abram; Benimtzky, Eliezer
Folder 186: Benyomin, Rav (Yehoshua Radler-Feldman-HaTalmi) 1951-1956
Folder 187: Bercovich to Berle 1944-1952: Bercovich, Shloime; Berezin, M.; Berge, Francois; Berger, Eva; Berkingoff, David; Berle, A.A.; Berle, Alfred
Folder 188: Berlinger to Bernstein 1935-1956: Berlinger, E.; Berman, Nanette (Mrs. Alfred); Berman, Jacob; Berman, Liam; Berman, Louis; Bernard; Bernays, Edward L.; Bernstein, John L.
Folder 189: Bialostotsky, B.J. 1923, 1952
Folder 190: Bick, Abraham 1938-1941
Folder 191: Bickel to Birnbaum 1944-1951: Bickel, Shlomo; Bider, G.C.; Biderman, I.W.; Bieganiec, Y.; Biel, E.V.; Billikopf, Jacob; Birnbaum, Nathan; Birnbaum, Shlomo
Folder 192: Bittner to Blieder 1946-1956: Bittner, Moshe; Black, B.; Blank, Asya; Blankstein, M.; Blauner, Anja; Blaustein, Jacob; Blieder, Daphne
Folder 193: Bloch, Chaim 1952-1955
Folder 194: Bloomberg to Borinsky 1933-1954: Bloomberg, B.; Bloshtein, M.; Blumenfeld, R.D.; Bonda, Jaime W.; Borg, Mrs. Sidney; Borinsky, J.
Folder 195: Bowman, Isaiah 1944-1950
Folder 196: Boruta to Brownstone 1933-1963: Boruta, K.; Botnitsky, J.; Bowman, R.C.; Brandwein, Sam; Braude, Rachel; Braunschvig; Breakstone, R.; Brilliant, S.; Brin, Joseph; Brodsky, Saul; Brownstone, M.
Folder 197: Buber, Martin 1929-1930
Folder 198: Buchler to Butzel 1943-1946: Buchler, Sadie; Buttenwieser, Hermann; Butzel, Fred M.
Folder 199: Cahnman to Chabatsky 1937-1954: Cahnman, Werner; Cantor, B.; Cantor, Leah; Carey, Jane C.; Celler, Emanuel; Ceshinsky, M.; Chabatsky, A.; Chabatsky, Z.
Folder 200: Chagall, Marc and Bella 1935-1944
Folder 201: Chagy, B. and Esther 1944-1956
Folder 202: Chaifetz to Charberg 1945-1956: Chaifetz-Tuzman, Malka; Chamberlain, J.P.; Chapiro, Georges; Charasch; Charberg, Miriam
Folder 203: Charney, Daniel 1926-1930, 1944-1954
Folder 204: Cherniak, J.A. 1929-1930, 1943-1956
Folder 205: Chodsiesuar, Margot 1939-1941
Folder 206: Chofshi, Nathan 1951-1956
Folder 207: Chrablow, Elkon 1945-1956
Folder 208: Cohen, Felix S. 1944-1955
Folder 209: Cohen, Henry; Cohen, Morris 1944-1946
Folder 210: Cohen, Robert Waley 1943-1947
Folder 211: Cohen, Stanley S.G. 1943-1944
Folder 212: Cohn, Emil Bernhard and Greta 1943-1956
Folder 213: Clarey to Cushing 1943-1948: Clarey, P.J.; Comay, J.; Condliffe, J.B.; Crerar, T.A.; Currie, Lauchlin; Cushing, Harry
Folder 214: Danciger to Davies 1931-1952: Danciger, Leila Nash; Daniels, Donald; Davidsohn, Georg; Davidson, J.; Davies, Lord
Folder 215: Davis, Nathan S. 1944-1956
Folder 216: Dean to Dembitz 1937-1955: Dean of Canterbury; de Gunzbourg, Baron Pierre; Deitelbaum, D.; de Lisaso, Jose I.; Dembitz, Sara W.
Folder 217: de Man, H. 1927-1929
Folder 218: Deull to Dijour 1943-1954: Deull, P.; Deutsch, Babette; Dijour, A.
Folder 219: Doblin, Alfred and Erna 1933-1944
Folder 220: Doblin, Peter to Dubinsky 1926, 1944-1952: Doblin, Peter; Donsky, J.; Douglas, Major William O.; Dubinsky, David
Folder 221: Dubnow, Simon 1927, 1938
Folder 222: Dujovne to Dworkin 1946-1953: Dujovne, Leon; Dworkin, Eva Jehoash; Dworkin, J.
Folder 223: Eckstein to Einhorn 1936-1953: Eckstein, Kurt; Eddleman, H. Leo; Efroykin, J.; Ehrlich, Clara; Einhorn, Helene
Folder 224: Einstein, Albert 1930, 1946-1947
Folder 225: Eisenberg to Eliashiv 1945-1955: Eisenberg, Rachel; Eleinky; Eliashiv, Samuel
Folder 226: Eliashev, Alexander 1944-1953
Folder 227: Elkin to Etner 1936-1956: Elkin, Mendl; Elkin, S.; Ellinson, Israel; Elyashiv, M.; Emanuel, Philip; Engels, J.; Epstein, H.; Etner, C.I.
Folder 228: Esselson, Esther 1922-1927, 1940-1949
Folder 229: Falk to Feldmann 1930, 1943-1956: Falk, Leon, Jr.; Feigenbaum, Lucien; Feinberg, Israel; Feinberg, Leon; Feldman, Aaron; Feldman, Tanya; Feldmann, A.
Folder 230: Fenster, Hersh 1945-1956
Folder 231: Feinleib to Fink 1942-1956: Feinleib, M.; Fellows, Frank; Fernandez, Concepcion; Feuer, Oscar; Fidanque, E. Alvin; Figueres, Jose; Filler, A.; Fine, Alvin I.; Fineman, Hayim; Finestone, Morris; Fink, L.
Folder 232: Finkel to Fondiller 1944-1955: Finkel, H.; Firt, Julius; Fischel, Walter; Fish, Hamilton; Fisher, Allenby B.; Fisher, R.L.; Fishman, Aaron; Fleisher, Wilfred; Fondiller, Leonard J.
Folder 233: Fox, C.D. 1944-1955
Folder 234: Frank, D. 1951
Folder 235: Frank, Herman 1928-1955
Folder 236: Frankenstein to Frashnick 1943-1954: Frankenstein, Ernst; Frankfurter, Felix; Fraser, Leah; Frashnick, Yehudah
Folder 237: Frenkel, Eliezer 1946-1949
Folder 238: Freund to Frishman 1948-1950: Freund, George; Fridman, M.; Frishman, Aaron
Folder 239: Fromm, Erich 1950-1956
Folder 239A: Fruchtbaum, Lesser M., Sara Ann and Tabey 1947-1954
Folder 240: Gabis to Gildersleeve 1937-1953: Gabis, A.; Gammans, David; Gaster, Theodor; Gelpar, L.; Gerdes, Theodore R.N.; Gershow, M.; Gibson, G.H.; Gildersleeve, Virginia
Folder 241: Gildesgame to Glantz 1938-1956: Gildesgame, L.L.; Gildesgame, Pierre; Gilman, Isaac; Gimbel, Bernard F.; Gimplin, Sol; Ginsburg, M.; Ginsburg, Rebecca; Ginsburg, Shaul; Glantz, Harry
Folder 242: Glantz-Leyeles, Aaron 1943-1953
Folder 243: Glauber to Goldberg 1940-1945: Glauber, Alfred; Goetz, Norman; Goldberg, A.
Folder 244: Goldberg, Aaron M. 1946-1956
Folder 245: Goldberg, Oskar 1943-1944
Folder 246: Goldberger, Hans 1940
Folder 247: Goldberg, S. to Goldenberg 1941-1956: Goldberg, Shalom; Goldberg, Shoshana; Goldchain, Jose; Golden, Morrie; Goldenberg, S.
Folder 248: Goldman, Emma 1925-1939
Folder 249: Goldman to Goodrich 1941-1952: Goldman, J.B.; Goldman, Blanche (Mrs. Maurice); Goldschmidt, C.A.; Goldstein, Herbert S.; Goldstein, Jonah J.; Goldwasser, Edwin; Goodrich, Carter
Folder 250: Golomb, Abraham 1939-1955
Folder 251: Goodman, Saul 1944-1949
Folder 252: Gordin, Abba; Gordin, Jacob 1941-1955
Folder 253: Gordonoff, T. and Lucie 1928-1957
Folder 254: Gorodisky, Jonah 1952-1956
Folder 255: Gorski to Graff 1944-1955: Gorski, John; Gotlib, N.J.; Gottesman, Bella; Gottlieb, Moritz M.; Gottschalk, Louis; Goure, Leon and Raye; Gowrie, Zena; Graff, Hinde
Folder 256: Grade to Grunberg 1930-1946: Grade, Chaim; Graff, Myron R.; Green, William; Greenberg, Eliezer; Greenstein, J.; Grigoriev, N.; Grossman, Vl.; Grunberg, Friedrich
Folder 257: Gruzman, L. 1940-1955
Folder 258: Gudell (Goodell), Martin 1939-1951
Folder 259: Gumbel to Guzegor 1930, 1945-1956: Gumbel, E.J.; Gurevitch, M.; Gurvitch, Herschel; Gutkind, Eric; Gutman, Felix; Guttman, Olga; Guzegor, S. Gutman
Folder 260: Haas to Hahn 1945-1951: Haas, Mr.; Haeck, Leo; Hahn, Moshe
Folder 261: Hahn, Moshe, Mrs. B. and Deborah 1952-1956: (Australia)
Folder 262: Hahn (Gan), Sergej 1938-1950
Folder 263: Halikman to Harrison 1944-1955: Halikman, H. King; Halpern, Israel; Hambro, C.J.; Hamburger, S.; Hardman, J.B.S.; Harrison, Earl J.
Folder 264: Harrison, Frank 1953-1956
Folder 265: Haus, Gabriel 1943-1944
Folder 266: Hefter to Hepner 1945-1956: Hefter, Joseph; Held, Adolph; Henig, Mr.; Hepner, Irving Isi
Folder 267: Hermelin, Ch. 1951-1953
Folder 268: Heschel to Hittelman 1944-1956: Heschel, Abraham Joshua; Heyman, David; Hilldring, John H.; Hillman, E.S.; Hillman, Sidney; Hillman, Tom; Hittelman, Max
Folder 269: Hirschauge, Eliezer 1950-1956
Folder 270: Holst, Henriette Roland 1928-1931
Folder 271: Holtzman, Max 1945-1956
Folder 272: Hook, Sidney 1944-1946
Folder 273: Honek to Hull 1929, 1943-1954: Honek, Mr.; Honig, Kalman; Howe, Irving; Hryhorijev, N.; Hull, Cordell
Folder 274: Ickes to Ivenitzki 1937-1946: Ickes, Harold; Ignatoff, David; Isaacs, Stanley M.; Isacharowitz, Mr.; Izenstone, I.; Ivenitski, Z.
Folder 275: Jacob to Jung 1944-1955: Jacob, Bertram; Jacobs, Maurice; Jacobs, Rose Y.; Jacobson, I.W.; Jasny, I.; Jassinowsky, Pinhas; Jeanne, C.S.; Joel, Katie; Josifon, M.; Jung, Leo
Folder 276: Kader to Kalmanovitch 1935-1957: Kader, Boris M.; Kagan, J.; Kagon, J.; Kahan, Harry; Kahn, Leon I.; Kaiser, Henry J.; Kalish, M. Emanuel; Kalmanovitch, Zelig
Folder 277: Kamenka to Kaplinski 1943-1955: Kamenka, Eugene; Kanel, Z.H.; Kaplan, Dora; Kaplan, Mordecai M.; Kaplan, Moshe; Kaplan, S.; Kaplinski, A.
Folder 278: Kasdan, Ch. S. 1953-1956
Folder 279: Katcherginsky to Keyser 1952-1956: Katcherginsky, Isak; Korsch, Karl; Kessel, G.; Keyser, Dora S.
Folder 280: Kine, A. 1943-1945
Folder 281: Kingdon to Klinger 1930, 1944-1956: Kingdon, Frank; Kirschberg, Dr.; Kiveliovitch, M.; Klapper, Paul; Kleinman, S.; Klementinowski, D.; Klepfisz, H.; Klibaroff, Murray; Kligsberg, M.; Klinger, S. Charles
Folder 282: Klioner, Elihu 1954-1956
Folder 283: Knox to Konvitz 1946-1956: Knox, Azriel; Koenig, Leo; Kohn, Hans; Kohn, Leybl; Konvitz, Milton
Folder 284: Kopeloff, I. 1932-1933
Folder 285: Kopelowitz to Kivetchansky 1937-1955: Kopelowitz, Ch.; Korengold, S.; Kosover, M.; Krepliak, J.; Kulczynski, R.R.; Kwetchansky, Gershon
Folder 286: Lakerman, S., Batya and Ezra 1940-1951
Folder 287: folder number not used
Folder 288: La Guardia to Lazarevitch 1944-1956: La Guardia, Fiorello; Lamstein, J.; Landauer, Dan; Landbard, M.; Lashanska, Hulda; Lasker, Albert D.; Laski, Harold J.; Lazarevitch, I.
Folder 289: Lebenson, Aryeh 1954
Folder 290: Ledbour, G. 1923-1924
Folder 291: Lederhaendler to Lehrer 1937-1955: Lederhaendler, M.S.; Lederman, B.; Lehman, Adele (Mrs. Arthur); Lehman, Herbert H.; Lehman, Irving; Lehman, M.; Lehr, Max; Lehrer, Leibush; Lehrer, Lipe
Folder 292: Leivick, H. 1927-1946
Folder 293: Lerner to Levy 1931, 1945-1955: Lerner, Abba P.; Lerner, Shimon; Lesinski, John; Lesnou, E.; Lestchinsky, Jacob; Lettin, Mr.; Lev, Abraham; Levi, S. Gershon; Levin, J.; Levin, Jacob; Levinson, Tobias; Levy, Ch.
Folder 294: Lewicki, Henrik 1945
Folder 295: Lewin to Lisker 1944-1955: Lewin, Samuel; Lewis, Theodore N.; Lewis, Willmott; Libensko, Malka; Libensky, Joseph; Lichtstein, M.J.; Liessin, A.; Lifschitz, Mr.; Lifschitz, B.; Lifschitz, Ezekiel; Lifszyce, J.; Lisker, Pesach (Felipe)
Folder 296: Litwin to Lowy 1928-1956: Litwin, Baruch; Liwschitz, B.; Loran, S.; Lorwin, Lewis L.; Lowy, J.
Folder 297: Lux, Stefan 1932-1936
Folder 298: Magerovsky to Manger 1945-1956: Magerovsky, Lev F.; Mahler, Raphael; Maitlis, J.; Malkiel, A.J.; Malov, P.N.; Maltz, Saul; Manela, Rachel; Manger, Itzik
Folder 299: Mann to Marcus 1933, 1945-1955: Mann, Thomas; Mann, William; Mansvetov, Fedor S.; Maor, Isaac; Marcus, Pesach
Folder 300: Marker, Ida 1951
Folder 301: Markman, Lejb 1946
Folder 302: Markvald, W. 1937-1939
Folder 303: Marmorstein to McCormack 1925, 1946-1956: Marmorstein, Arthur; Marmorstein, Emile; Marmorstein, Jessie; Mart..., A.; Marusia; Masia, Rose; Matenko, Percy; Maximov, G.; Maze, Ida; McCormack, John W.
Folder 304: McCormick to Mendel 1943-1953: McCormick, Anne O'Hare; McCormick, Lee; Medalie, George Z.; McKeon, Richard; Melechiel, A.; Mendel, Manuel
Folder 305: Mendelsberg, Meyer and Miriam 1941-1954
Folder 306: Menuhin to Minkin 1926, 1944-1953: Menuhin, Yehudi; Mett, Ida; Meyer, H.; Meyerowitz, Arthur; Meyers, Saul S.; Michaels, E.; Miller, Shin; Millikan, R.A.; Mines, D.; Minkin, Mr.
Folder 307: Minkin, Judah and Keila 1945-1955
Folder 308: Mirski to Mylov 1930-1956: Mirsky, Rachel; Moose, Rose; Morgenstern, M.; Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.; Morris, DuBois, Jr.; Mosely, Philip E.; Moss, J.; Muehsam, Erich; Mylov, P.
Folder 309: Mukdoni, A. 1943-1946
Folder 310: Nachsin to Niebuhr 1943-1955: Nachsin, Sarah; Naiman, E.; Nathanson, William; Nevelstein, Aaron; Niebuhr, Reinhold
Folder 311: Niger, S. 1933-1953
Folder 312: Nikolaievski to Ostrowsky 1943-1956: Nikolaievski, Nicolai; Nisis, Leon; Nutkievich, S.; Osborne, Edgar; Oshry, Samuel M.; Ostrowsky, Adeline; Ostrowsky, Clara; Ostrowsky, W.
Folder 313: Palatnick, Rosa 1956
Folder 314: Parkan to Pines, Jacob 1943-1956: Parkan, Nora Solomonovna; Parker, S.E.; Parry, Albert; Perlmutter, M.; Peskin, M.; Petegorsky, David W.; Petshenik, M.; Pett, Chaim; Pines, Jacob
Folder 315: Pines, L. 1941-1947
Folder 316: Pinkas to Pinkerfeld-Amir 1953-1955: Pinkas, L.; Pinkerfeld-Amir, Anda
Folder 317: Podolsky, E.W. 1946-1956
Folder 318: Podron to Prinz 1944-1956: Podro, Joshua; Pollack, Jack; Pomerantz, Chaim; Pool, David de Sola; Portnoy, Sam; Posner, Nachum; Prager, Mr.; Prince, J.; Prinz, Joachim
Folder 319: Prokopowicz to Pumphrey 1943-1956: Prokopowicz, Caterina; Proskauer, Joseph; Przybulski, Chackiel; Pumphrey, Mary E.
Folder 320: Rabinkow to Rageot 1934, 1945-1956: Rabinkow, S.; Rabinowicz, Anna; Rabinowicz, D.; Rabinowitz, Melech; Rabinowitch, Jakob; Radkey, Oliver; Rafalkes, N.; Rageot, T.
Folder 321: Rapaport, A. 1945-1946
Folder 322: Raptchinskaya to Ravid 1939-1946, 1958-1965: Raptchinskaya, M.; Raptschinsky, B.; Rasiniv, J.; Ravid, J.M.
Folder 323: Ravitch, Melech 1940-1954
Folder 324: Rawidowicz, Simon 1944-1956
Folder 325: Resnick to Rittenberg 1944-1956: Resnick, Lazer; Resnick, Salomon; Ribsh, J.; Richmond, Paul; Rim, Morris W.; Rips, Serge; Rittenberg, Louis
Folder 326: Roback, A.A. 1949-1956
Folder 327: Robeson, Paul 1934
Folder 328: Rochgalin, Reuben 1944-1945
Folder 329: Rocker to Rosenfarb 1927-1955: Rocker, Rudolf; Rodman, Toby; Rogel, Joseph; Rogoff, Hillel; Ron, L.; Roosevelt, Eleanor; Rose, David; Rosen, Melech; Rosenbaum, Mr.; Rosenbaum, M.M.; Rosenbloom, Jerald; Rosenfarb, Chava
Folder 330: Rosenman to Rushev 1935-1956: Rosenman, Samuel I.; Rosenthal, E.; Rosenwald, Lessing J.; Rosey, S.; Rosin, A. (Ben-Adir); Rosin, Jacob; Rothbart, Jacob; Rothenberg, A.; Rubin, Israel; Rubin, Majer; Rubinstein, A.; Ruden, Melech; Rushev, Anna
Folder 331: Sabath to Saltz 1943-1950: Sabath, Adolph J.; Sabbath, M.J.; Sadow-Platt, Chana; Salamon, Fanny; Salmon, Sam; Salomon, Bernard S.; Salter, Arthur; Saltz, Charles
Folder 332: Saltzman, Paula (Pesya) 1949-1954
Folder 333: Sankey to Savinkov 1932, 1944-1945: Sankey, Stuart; Sansom, George; Sansom, Katharine; Sarnoff, David; Savinkov, E.
Folder 334: Schaechter, Mordkhe 1949-1956
Folder 335: Schechter to Schonfeld 1931-1956: Schechter, Israel; Scheindel, R.; Schiff, Otto M.; Schifter, Richard; Schindler, Alexander M.; Schindler, L.; Schlittner, M.; Schlossberg, Joseph; Schmerling, Eugene; Schmulevitz, Miriam; Schneerson, Menachem M.; Schonfeld, Moses
Folder 336: Schwartz to Siegal 1937-1956: Schwartz, E.; Schriftn; Schweid, Abraham; Seelig, M.G.; Sefton, W.H.; Segal, J.I.; Segal, Philip; Seltzer, S.; Senior, Clarence; Shaban, Abel; Shafer, E.M.; Shaw, Maude Royden; Sheftel, A.; Sher, Israel; Sher, Z.; Sherman, E.L.; Shinn, Roger L.; Shore, Samuel; Shtern, Sholem; Shubinsky, Malka; Shur, M.; Siegal, Lillian
Folder 337: Siegel, Ada (Steinberg) 1918, 1940-1956
Folder 338: Siegel to Silberstein 1930-1955: Siegel, David; Siegel, Ida L.; Siegel, S.; Siegler, P.; Siemsen, Anna; Silber, M.; Silberberg, M.B.; Silberstein, H.
Folder 339: Simaite, Anna (Ona) 1944-1955
Folder 340: Simon to Smith 1944-1956: de Simon, Juan Salomon; Singer, Lawrence H.; Slote, Herbert Leo; Slotin, George; Smith, Harold
Folder 340A: Sowden, Lewis 1936-1937
Folder 341: Solnik to Stein 1938-1956: Solnik, Ch.; Sonnabend, H.; Soris, E.; Soris, M.S.; Spencer, Sidney; Spiegel, Alexander; Spritzer, Samuel; Staff, Aaron S.; Starch, Hillel; Stein, Emanuel
Folder 342: Stein, L.M. 1943-1953
Folder 343: Steinberg, Aaron 1930, 1945-1956
Folder 344: Steinberg, Anna 1943-1950
Folder 345: Steinberg, Leo 1944-1946
Folder 346: Steinberg, Shulamit 1945-1959
Folder 347: Sternberger to Suckewer 1944-1956: Sternberger, Estelle M.; Sterne, M.H.; Straight, Michael; Strauss, Lewis L.; Strauss, Roger W.; Strauss, S.; Stutchkoff, Nahum; Suckewer (Sutzkever), Avrom
Folder 348: Sudarski, Mendel; Sudarsky Alex 1944-1955
Folder 349: Sulzberger, Arthur Hays 1943-1947
Folder 350: Sulzberger, Iphigenie Ochs (Mrs. Arthur Hays) 1944-1947
Folder 351: Sunshine to Szpetman 1928, 1943-1955: Sunshine, K.; Swope, Herbert Bayard; Symonds, John; Szechatow, S.; Szpetman, Sz.; unknown
Folder 352: Tabory to Teglowitz 1937-1955: Tabory, Isaac; Taft, Charles; Talush, I.; Taub, Baruch; Taubes, J.S.; Taussig, Charles W.; Taylor, Myron C.; Teglowitz, H.
Folder 353: Teichman, Ida 1945-1956
Folder 354: Templeman to Tucholsky 1927, 1944-1956: Templeman, A.; Tenenbaum, Shea; Theilhaber, F.A.; Thomas, Ivor; Thomas, Norman; Thompson, Dorothy; Trunk, J.J.; Tucholsky, Mr.
Folder 355: Turak, Nathan 1940-1955
Folder 356: Untermyer to Usiskin 1945-1946: Untermyer, Irwin; Usiskin, M.
Folder 357: Urkevich, P. 1948-1949: references Sergej Gan
Folder 358: Van Leeuwen, Henri 1943-1956
Folder 359: Villa, Eugenio 1939-1955
Folder 360: Vladeck to Vlavianos 1929-1937, 1949: Vladeck, B. Charney; Vlavianos, Basil J.
Folder 361: Wachtel to Warburg 1944-1955: Wachtel, Henry I.; Wajnryb, Nelli; Walinsky, Rose N.; Wallace, Henry A.; Wallach, Sidney; Warburg, Gerald F.
Folder 362: Warburg, Max and Edward 1943-1947
Folder 363: Warman to Warzel 1944-1955: Warman, D.; Warrin, Frank L.; Warzel, Eliezer
Folder 364: Wedgwood, Josiah 1933-1941
Folder 365: Weil to Weinreich 1945-1951: Weil, Frank L.; Weinreich, Max
Folder 366: Weintraub, Moshe 1937, 1952-1957
Folder 367: Weislitz, Jacob 1944-1945
Folder 368: Weiss to Weissblatt 1944-1956: Weiss, Francis Joseph; Weissblatt, J.
Folder 369: Welles, Sumner 1944-1945
Folder 370: Wells to Weltch 1943-1956: Wells, Abraham; Wells, David; Weltch, Dr.
Folder 371: Wershaw, S. 1945-1946
Folder 372: West, Rebecca 1933
Folder 373: Wexler, A. 1941-1956
Folder 374: Wiegmann, Elsa 1933, 1955-1956
Folder 375: Wiesenthal to Wright 1943-1953: Wiesenthal, U.; Willen, Joseph; Willkie, Wendell L.; Winkler, Josef; Wise, Stephen S.; Wolf, J.; Wolfe, Bertram D.; Wolfberg, J.; Woll, Matthew; Worlin, Mr.; Wood, Walter A.; Wright, Quincy
Folder 376: Wurzel to Wyzanski 1944-1946: Wurzel, Eliezer; Wyzanski, Charles E.
Folder 377: Yaffe to Yurkutajtis 1935, 1952-1955: Yaffe, H.; Yood, Nahum; Yoveli, S.Z.; Yurkutajtis, Marciu
Folder 378: Zabludovitch to Zacharovitch 1934-1953: Zabludovitch, D.; Zachariasz, Moshe; Zacharin, David; Zacharovitch, I.
Folder 379: Zahler, Shalom 1947-1956
Folder 380: Zajantz, M.Fiszel 1955-1956
Folder 381: Zamir to Zelitch 1936-1955: Zamir, Shalom; Zangwill, Israel; Zelitch, G.
Folder 382: Zelitch, Judah 1944-1956
Folder 383: Zhitlowski, Shmuel 1937-1943: references Ecuador
Folder 384: Zimmerman to Zoblins 1945-1950: Zimmerman, Charles S.; Zinzel, P.; Zipper, Jacob; Zirlin, Mr.; Zoblins, Dr.
Folder 385: Zukerman, William 1945-1955
Folder 386: Zweig, Stefan; Zweig, Ch. 1927-1927, 1950